The recent monographic literature is large; but see especially Kristin L. Hoganson, Fighting for American Manhood: How Gender Politics Provoked the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars (New Haven, CT, 1998); Louis A. Prez, The War of 1898: The United States and Cuba in History and Historiography (Chapel Hill, NC, 1998); Mary A. Renda, Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Examine the map of US acquisitions and annexations. ",#(7),01444'9=82. chemical weapon disposal site, Purchased from Russia The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. Albizus long career defies easy summary. That list includes some of the most written-about figures in U.S. history: John Pershing, George C. Marshall, Douglas MacArthur, and Dwight Eisenhower. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. After all, many groups have contested U.S. rule, from Southern confederates to black nationalists. ch. 26. Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. 12. As it gained power, it shed territory. : The Evolution of Territoriality in American Law (Oxford, 2009); and Gerald L. Neuman and Tomiko Brown-Nagin, eds., Reconsidering the Insular Cases: The Past and Future of American Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2015). Annexation of independent republic. Congress rejected the proposal, though, partly to avoid the prospect of Indian representatives in the Capitol. On Indian Territory, alternatively known as Indian Country: Roy Gittinger, The Formation of the State of Oklahoma, 18031906 (Norman, OK, 1939); Francis Paul Prucha, The Great Father: The United States and the American Indians , 2 vols. * I am grateful to Alvita Akiboh, Michael Allen, Daniel Bessner, Brooke Blower, Michael Falcone, John Immerwahr, Julia Irwin, Aaron OConnell, Andrew Preston, Daniel Sargent, and the Huntington Library Long-Term Fellows Working Group for their thoughts on this essay and to Christopher Capozzola for introducing me to the term Greater United States.. Those examples are merely suggestive. 24. The problem is not, I hasten to add, a lack of available information. But moving it into the non-state column changes little. Map of A map of the United States showing the growth of the nation from 1783 to1853. for $15 million, including assumed claims, Purchased from Spain Palins husband, an Alaska Native, was for years a registered member of the Alaska Independence Party. It wound up its occupations, sometimes much faster than it might have (in 1943, Roosevelt suggested that the occupation of Korea should last forty years; it lasted three). Counting Negroes on the mainland, American Samoa, Hawai'i, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Alaska; nonwhites in Puerto Rico; Negro and Negro-mixed in the Panama Canal Zone; and no one in the Philippines and Guam (for which racial breakdowns were not incorporated into the U.S. census) places U.S. blacks at 8.85% of the population. Major accounts include Federico Ribes Tovar, Albizu Campos: Puerto Rican Revolutionary , trans. <>>> 5 0 obj The maps came in two kinds: box maps, which showed the North American landmass plus the colonies arranged in boxes (as Alaska and Hawaii are usually displayed today), and world maps, with all U.S. territory highlighted in color, in the manner of British imperial maps. Summary, Has The Organization Managements Played Part In Increase In Information Risk In The Modern World 1 They had even more people in the past. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. diss., University of Chicago, 2014). Manua was annexed in 1904, then added to American Samoa. HISTORY United States: world's fourth largest country in terms of area #1: Russia #2: Canada #3: China migration: the movement of people within a country or region . ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. Discussion Board 5 12 Search for other works by this author on: The Author 2016. By then, it had reclaimed its Pacific colonies from Japan. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following SHAFR members are now turning with great zeal toward military bases, extraterritoriality agreements, occupation zones, Indian polities, and colonies. Congress officially annexed Alaska in 1884 America Acquires Alaska U. David Rumsey Map Collection. But thats not it. 12. Nevertheless, it is worth pointing out that a full census of all the people who lived under U.S. jurisdiction at the wars endresidents of the states, colonies, and occupied zonesreveals the astonishing fact that the majority (51%) lived outside of the continental United States. Takeover, the purchase of one company by another; Mergers and acquisitions, transactions in which the ownership of companies or their operating units are transferred or consolidated with other entities; Procurement, finding, agreeing terms and acquiring goods, services or works from an external source; Library acquisitions, department of a library responsible for . 31 Over the course of the war, Japan attacked every inhabited Pacific colony that the United States held, and it occupied the Philippines, Guam, Wake, and part of Alaska. In 2000, the Puerto Rican Day Parade in New York was dedicated to Albizu (and to the struggle of Vieques against the U.S. Navy). Or jump ahead to the 2008 presidential election, which pitted Barack Obama, a Hawaiian (born shortly after Hawaii became a state), against John McCain, a Zonian (i.e., born in the Panama Canal Zone), and Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska. Opening to China, A State of Neutrality: State Development and Early American Neutrality, U.S. Art Museums and Exhibition Diplomacy, Cultural Intermediaries and the Sounds of Freedom, About the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, Copyright 2023 Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations. Cover-title. stream 42. WhatsApp Chat is free, download and try it now here! Sectionalism map of the united states; It is somewhat absurd to compare that figure to the actual number of black people, given the arbitrary and variable nature of race as a social construction (particularly so within the empire). 29, September 1, 1949, 3; American Samoa (16): American Samoa Statistical Digest (Pago Pago: 1994), 17; Guam and Micronesia (35 together): Hal Friedman, Creating an American Lake: United States Imperialism and Strategic Security in the Pacific Basin, 194547 (Westport, CT, 2001), 122; U.S. Help With Assignments 1 endobj 3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. Not only was the occupation itself onerous, but the reconquest of those colonies by the United States was extraordinarily violent. To occupy a country temporarily is obviously different from annexing it. See also Stacie L. Pettyjohn, U. S. Global Defense Posture, 17832001 (Santa Monica, CA, 2012). For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. Besides the above, see especially Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1990); Katharine H. S. Moon, Sex among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S.Korea Relations (New York, 1997); McCaffrey, Military Power and Popular Protest ; Maria Hhn, GIs and Frauleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill, NC, 2002); Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York, 2002); Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender, and Foreign Relations, 19451959 (New Haven, CT, 2003); Mark L. Gillem, America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire (Minneapolis, MN, 2007); Masumichi S. Inoue, Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization (New York, 2007); Harvey Neptune, Caliban and the Yankees: Trinidad and the United States Occupation (Chapel Hill, NC, 2007); Steven High, Base Colonies in the Western Hemisphere, 19401967 (New York, 2009); Lipman, Guantnamo ; Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire ; David Vine, Island of Shame: The Secret History of the U.S Military Base on Diego Garcia (Princeton, NJ, 2009); Maria Hhn and Seungsook Moon, eds., Over There: Living with the U.S. Military Empire from World War Two to the Present (Durham, NC, 2010); Amy Austin Holmes, Social Unrest and American Military Bases in Turkey and Germany since 1945 (Cambridge, 2014); Sasha Davis, The Empires Edge: Militarization, Resistance, and Transcending Hegemony in the Pacific (Athens, GA, 2015); and Vine, Base Nation . The country claimed 94 such islands . There is a K-8 school named after him in Harlem: P.S. Leadership Task 2 The contraction of the basing network is chronicled in Blaker, United States Overseas Basing , chap. It set the Philippines free. Islands. 31. 44. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. Oregon Territory. only own words please, Creating A Proforma Statement Not in the sense of endorsing the Courts opinion, but in adhering to the Courts understanding about what parts of the United States are in the country and what parts arent. Supporters of expansion denied that the United States sought to annex foreign lands. 1. From what I see coming down the dissertation pipeline, were going to see a lot more. The map is color-coded to show the territory of the original United States and the Northwest Territory (1783), the Louisiana Purchase (1803), the area acquired from Britain in 1818 west of the Lake of the Woods, Florida in 1819, the annexation of Texas in 1845, the . The figure I have given for the black population attempts to account for black people throughout the Greater United States, not just on the mainland. Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. Please see attached document for assignments needed. Course Outcomes explored in this module: Lab Report 328 Acquisitions Incorporated was an adventuring company from the Sword Coast. Revolutionary War, Purchased from France for $15 million, including That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. 10511898, section 2, Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueos, Hunter College, CUNY. United states acquisitions and annexations 1857-1904; Was the united states on the axis powers or allied powers? The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, - 14. 2. The question of territory was there from the start. Territories with no indigenous populations, such as Wake Island, are listed as unpopulated, although the United States often stationed military outposts on them. DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any . under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico following American-Mexican War; 39 It abandoned base sites, in some cases as a response to anti-basing protests. They hung on classroom walls. 52, July 27, 1951, 3; Panama Canal Zone (46): Current Population Reports , Series P-25, No. You notice that Pearl Harbor was not just an isolated attack on one patch of U.S. soil but a blitzkrieg directed at U.S. and British colonial holdings in the Pacific. The Senate approved the treaty of purchase on April 9; President Andrew Johnson signed the treaty on May 28, and Alaska was formally transferred to the United States on October 18, 1867. U.S. historians have displayed a tremendous interest in the subject of empire for a long time. (New York, 2006), 179. For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . 25. One thinks of Teddy Roosevelt achieving national fame by charging up San Juan Heights in Cuba, William Howard Tafts terms as governor-general in the Philippines and then Secretary of War (with supervision over the colonies), Daniel Burnhams ambitious urban plans for Manila and Baguio, Margaret Meads fieldwork in American Samoa, and New Dealer Rexford Tugwells governorship of Puerto Rico. I counted all non-review articles containing the words Philippine, Philippines, Filipino, or Filipinos in their titles. A map of the territory acquired from Mexico including the annexation of Texas in 1845, California, Utah Territory, and New Mexico Territory in 1848, and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853.. Hi That figure excludes secret bases and some bases smaller than ten acres. 1 0 obj Speech of Hon. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence Insular Affairs of the Department of the Interior, Annexed in settlement with Britain and Germany; At lower right: Atlantic Souvenir for 1829. 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. Municipal annexation is a process by which a municipality expands its boundaries into nearby, usually adjacent, unincorporated areas. That is because they dramatically expose the gap between the logo map conception of the United States and the larger conception for which I am arguing. 46, The War on Terror has drawn our attention to how crucial small overseas sites can be to the projection of power. The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. There has been an accelerating avalanche of high-profile books on U.S. overseas territory, especially the Philippines. 1, Number of Inhabitants (Washington, DC: 1942), 12.6% of the population of the Greater United States lived in the overseas territories. On the eve of the Second World War, the United States had the worlds fifth-largest empire on the planet by population. (Oxford, 1989). The territorial governor of Alaska, Ernest Gruening, saw it that way, and drafted a book in 1954 entitled Alaska is a Colony (never published, but held in the Ernest Gruening Papers, box 754, folder 316, Alaska and Polar Regions Department, Archives and Manuscripts, University of AlaskaFairbanks). If you have any questions please let me know.! Bicknell, Edward. 42, More to the point, even as the United States was partially divesting from colonies, it was consolidating its investments in a new form of territory: military bases. Not yet. Overseas empire usually appears in textbooks as an episodea single chapter, set in 1898rather than as an enduring feature. Don't use plagiarized sources. I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. Benedict Anderson called it the logo map. 13. The most thorough discussion of anti-basing protests and their effects on the World War II basing network is Rebecca Herman Weber, In Defense of Sovereignty: Labor, Crime, Sex and Nation at U.S. Military Bases in Latin America, 19401947 (Ph.D. 3 0 obj Albert Bushnell Hart and Herbert E. Bolton, Hart-Bolton History Maps (Chicago, IL, 1917), map A24. Id like to propose a different unit of analysis, one that counts all of the land over which the United States claims sovereignty as part of the country, and as part of its history. In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904. 43 These little Americas wereand arepockets of extraterritorial control scattered throughout the world. A very good overview of bases and other points within the network of U.S. postwar power projection is Ruth Oldenziel, Islands: The United States as a Networked Empire, in Gabrielle Hecht, ed., Entangled Geographies: Empire and Technopolitics in the Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 1342. "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). Despite a great deal of research that has been donewithin American Studies departments, within history departmentscolonized people and overseas territories still rarely feature in broad narratives about the United States. I am counting the time between when a territory was annexed to the United States to the time it was admitted to the Union as a state. endstream The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse. for $25 million; currently an organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Dept. for $5 million in assumed claims under Adams-Ons Treaty, Purchase from Mexico If you do factor them in, you start to notice some important features of the war, features often neglected in the telling of it. 1848. Yet annexation did take place.

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