There are, after all, other ways in which the experimentally created dissonance could be reduced. To do otherwise would have been to create conflict or dissonance (lack of harmony) between their attitudes and their behavior. The present experiment was designed to test this derivation under controlled, laboratory conditions. In one study, college students liked another student simply because they were told that the other student liked them. How would a social psychologist describe this situation? The present experiment was listed as a two-hour experiment dealing with "Measures of Performance.". Or is there something more nuanced at play? We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. in order to reduce dissonance. If you want somebody to like you, induce the person to perform "liking behavior" such as doing you a favor. The difference between the One and Twenty Dollar conditions reaches the .08 level of significance on a two-tailed test (t = 1.79). In this study, Festinger and Carlsmith found that 3. Prejudice and discrimination are least likely to develop in which of the following situations? In Sternberg's model, intimacy, passion, and commitment are all present in, The area of the brain that controls aggressive responses is the, Zimbardo's prison experiment lasted only five days because, of the extreme effect it was having on the participants, Ryan sees a woman collapse in the mall. These Ss were hired for one dollar to tell a waiting S that tasks, which were really rather dull and boring, were interesting, enjoyab1e, and lots of fun. The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. A follow-up psychiatric exam found no signs of psychological problems after 1 year. The participants who were in the control group were not given any motivation. KING, B.T. 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Copyright 2007-2018 Russ Dewey Evanston, IL: Row & Peterson. One would then expect no differences at all among the three conditions. Harry's friend Logan studies a lot, so Harry assumes that Logan is smart. One Dollar condition. It was too long, and that preacher wasn't dressed up enough" would be an example of which type of processing? Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. All of the following are causes for groupthink EXCEPT. You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of. Instead the opposite happened. But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. correct. (p.47). A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. However, when she doesn't get time to study, she cheats on her history test. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. Cognitive Dissonance. After two minutes the E returned, asked the girl to go into the experimental room, thanked the S for talking to the girl, wrote down his phone number to continue the fiction that we might call on him again in the future and then said: "Look, could we check and see if that fellow from introductory psychology wants to talk to you?". Festinger and Carlsmith experiment A study conducted in which people were offered money to express attitudes that they did not hold; people who were offered big sums justified their behavior by the money but people who were offered smaller sums changed their attitudes to make them more consistent with their behavior If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. Which situation would be last likely to result in a decrease of prejudice? endobj Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. To study this, Festinger and Carlsmith performed an experiment using seventy-one male students at . We will discuss each of the questions on the interview separately, because they were intended to measure different things. <> Seventy-one male students in the introductory psychology course at Stanford University were used in the experiment. The average ratings on this question, presented in the first row of figures in Table 1, are the results most important to the experiment. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. If you want to keep people from hating each other, work on eliminating hateful behavior. Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. Which of the following does NOT represent an effective method for reducing prejudice? The S worked at this task for another half hour. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior. After completing the tasks, the participants were asked to persuade another student (who were already informed of the experiment confederates) into agreeing to participate. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as repeatedly. _____ is the scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others. Therefore the person's attitude changes. Goleman, D. (1991, July 16) New way to battle bias: fight acts, not feelings. Sherif's 1936 study of conformity involved, asking participants to report the movement of a single point of light in a darkened room, The Challenger disaster is a classic example of groupthink because, some people knew the shuttle was not OK to launch but did not speak up and therefore disrupt group cohesion, Chris's roommate asks Chris to do him a favor, and Chris agrees. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. We are certainly justified in concluding that the Ss in the One Dollar condition did not improvise more nor act more convincingly. 59 0 obj The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. Leon Festinger and his colleague James if( window.canRunAds === undefined ){ His data, however did not support this idea. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. The third asks whether that subject finds the activity important, again using the scale of 0 to 10. It has received widespread attention after recently being published in an academic journal. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. In the chapter section Attitudes and Behaviours that Affect Social Interaction, Paul Angelini (2011) introdected the negative elements of social interactio Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards; Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card; audio not yet available for this language, In Solomon Asch's study, confederates were instructed to, give the incorrect answer to the line-matching task. The prediction [from 3 and 4 above] is that the larger the reward given to the subject, the smaller will be the subsequent opinion change. :>"we>WN,}Arj*L^{l"C9](j0xfyK.1^8 jKbE#/`^%]Ply48o~9cw+ecw/j;k`t)# -3ffua0D@~1` cp \nO7uF& o>u$]oK' 2WBxK>rVyRZ 7%M6xdKmUD}],'WpaB2t$t@^K,JLiM 6H] WA@'n. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. 4), we will here give only a brief outline of the reasoning. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. According to _________ theory, prejudice may result, at least in part, from the need to increase one's own self-esteem by looking down on others. 47 0 obj Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). ", 3. The same logic applies to selfish concerns such as getting other people to respect you. The more scientifically important they considered the experiment to be, the less was the total magnitude of dissonance. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. Which of the following is not a factor that influences attitude formation? For an hour, you are required to perform dull tasks, such as turning wooden knobs again and again. Since these derivations are stated in detail by Festinger (1957, Ch. Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. He did this for one-half hour. Oct. 2011. (p.3). Which of the following is not one of the reasons given by the text for interpersonal attraction? Maria had fallen victim to the_______technique. B. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. %PDF-1.7 % Social Researcher. The results, according to the researchers, display the cognitive dissonance phenomenon. Hum. Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". 0000012870 00000 n We would also like to acknowledge the help of Ruth Smith and Marilyn M. Miller. /Size 61 asking people to work on separate projects but in the same room. Take it with you wherever you go. /Contents 58 0 R 1. These results are the ones most directly relevant to the specific dissonance which we experimentally created It will be recalled that the tasks were purposely arranged to be rather boring and monotonous. Rating scale -5 to +5, Did the experiment give the subject an opportunity to learn about their own abilities? The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. Some researchers believe that Milgram's results were a form of the________ technique of persuasion. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion.

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