On the classification of dinosaur eggs", "Theropod and protoceratopsian dinosaur eggs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia and Kazakhstan", "A theropod dinosaur embryo and the affinities of the Flaming Cliffs Dinosaur eggs", "Phylogenetic analysis of reproductive traits of maniraptoran theropods and its implications for egg parataxonomy", "Dinosaur incubation periods directly determined from growth-line counts in embryonic teeth show reptilian-grade development", "The lost Protoceratops mummy - Addendum", "The exquisitely preserved integument of Psittacosaurus and the scaly skin of ceratopsian dinosaurs", "A protoceratopsid skeleton with an associated track from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia", "Appendicular skeleton of Protoceratops andrewsi (Dinosauria, Ornithischia): comparative morphology, ontogenetic changes, and the implications for non-ceratopsid ceratopsian locomotion", "Comparative anatomy of selected basal ceratopsian dentitions", "Key to Protoceratopoid Vertebrae (Ceratopsia, Dinosauria) from Mongolia", "A Method for Estimation of Lateral and Vertical Mobility of Platycoelous Vertebrae of Tetrapods", "Structural Features of Neural Spines of the Caudal Vertebrae of Protoceratopoids (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia)", "A rationale for phylogenetic definitions, with application to the higher level taxonomy of Dinosauria", "Turanoceratops tardabilisthe first ceratopsid dinosaur from Asia", "Zuniceratops christopheri: The North American Ceratopsid Sister Taxon Reconstructed on the Basis of New Data", "A New Leptoceratopsid (Ornithischia, Ceratopsia) with a Unique Ischium from the Upper Cretaceous of Shandong Province, China", "The postcranial skeleton of Bagaceratops (Ornithischia: Neoceratopsia) from the Baruungoyot Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in Hermiin Tsav of southwestern Gobi, Mongolia", "A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia", "New protoceratopsid specimens improve the age correlation of the Upper Cretaceous Gobi Desert strata", "The Jaw Musculature in Protoceratops and in Other Ceratopsians", "The many myths, some old, some new, of dinosaurology", "Jaw Mechanics in Basal Ceratopsia (Ornithischia, Dinosauria)", "Repeated Evolution of Divergent Modes of Herbivory in Non-avian Dinosaurs", "Positive allometry for exaggerated structures in the ceratopsian dinosaur Protoceratops andrewsi supports socio-sexual signaling", "Morphological changes of Protoceratops andrewsi skull with ontogenetic processes", "Bone histology of Protoceratops andrewsi from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia and its biological implications", "A Reconstruction of the Locomotion of Protoceratops", "The Function of Large Eyes in Protoceratops: A Nocturnal Ceratopsian? One specimen (MPC-D 100/551B) was shown to present skull traits that are intermediate between Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi (which is native to adjacent Bayan Mandahu and Barun Goyot) and P. andrewsi. Based on their respective peg-like shape and reduced microornamentation, Dauphin and colleagues suggested that the premaxillary teeth of Protoceratops had no specific function. Protoceratops (/ p r o t o s r t p s /; lit. [78], In 2020 nevertheless, Andrew C. Knapp and team conducted morphometric analyses of a large sample of P. andrewsi specimens, primarily confluding that the neck frill of Protoceratops has no indicators or evidence for being sexually dimorphic. So, enjoy me building a Protoceratops Habitat. The AMNH is the best place to see it in the Americas, with a tableaux of a couple at a nesting sight and a rather famous skull growth series along the wall next to it. Protoceratops are dinosaurs confirmed to appear in Additional Creatures: Endemics. Coahuilaceratops fossils have been recovered from strata of the Late Cretaceous Period (Campanian), around 72 Ma (million years ago). Later members, including ceratopsids like Centrosaurus and Triceratops, became very large quadrupeds and . Gregory miu t nm 1923, Protoceratops ban u c cho l t tin ca . Based on comparisons with other ornithischian dinosaurs such as Maiasaura and Orodromeusknown from more complete nestsThulborn concluded that most depictions of Protoceratops nests were based on incompletely preserved clutches and mostly on type A eggs, which were more likely to have been laid by an ornithopod. Like its larger and geologically younger relative Triceratops, this herbivore also had a bony . Protoceratops were hunted by Velociraptor, and one particularly famous specimen (the Fighting Dinosaurs) preserves a pair of them locked in combat. Mesopic (cathemeral) animalswhich are irregularly active throughout the day and nightare between these two ranges. He cited the distinctive posture of some Protoceratops involving the body and head arched upwards with forelimbs tucked in at their sidesa condition known as "standing" in particular casesthe absence of sedimentary structures in sediments preserving the individuals, and the Fighting Dinosaurs taphonomic history itself as evidence for this catastrophic preservation. La scoperta, straordinaria, avviene nel 1971 nel deserto del Gobi, il pi immane scrigno di dinosauri della Terra, grazie alle ottime condizioni di conservazione e all'habitat ideale che ospita per 170 milioni di anni la specie pi longeva della storia del mondo (l'homo sapiens esiste da 30 mila anni, una vergogna a confronto). [126], Mayor in 2001 and 2011 defended the hypothesis of Protoceratops as an influence over the griffin by citing that some other Greek histories about mythological creatures may have had their origins at the hands of fossil findings made by ancient people. It lived in the Cretaceous period and inhabited Asia. He also regarded Protoceratops as one of the first "frilled" ceratopsians to appear in the fossil record. [30] Norell with colleagues in 2020 examined fossilized remains around the eggs of this clutch which indicate a soft-shelled composition. Protoceratops andrewsi is a fairly small and primitive ceratopsian, or horned dinosaur. Ceratopsia or Ceratopia ("horned faces") is a group of herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs which thrived in what are now North America and Asia, during the Cretaceous Period, although ancestral forms lived earlier, in the Jurassic. The frill was likely used for display or intraspecific combat, as well as protection of the neck and anchoring of jaw muscles. The forelimbs had five fingers of which only the first three bore wide and flat unguals. [5][19], Protoceratops had leaf-shaped dentary and maxillary teeth that bore several denticles (serrations) on their respective edges. While Oviraptor and Protoceratops did coexist in late Cretaceous central Asia, it turns out that this supposed "egg thief" got a bad rapit was . This family was characterized by their overall primitive morphology in comparison to the more derived Ceratopsidae, such as lack of well-developed horn cores and relative smaller body size. Most embryos within this clutch have a flexed position and the outlines of eggs are also present, suggesting that they were buried in ovo (in the egg). The first point was supported by the numerous anatomical differences between protoceratopsids and psittacosaurids, most notably the extreme reduction of some hand digits in the latter groupa trait much less pronounced in protoceratopsids. Preservational bias has been largely ruled out, it is therefore likely that Protoceratops was common in this habitat. 37 different specimens have been found by paleontologists. Although it was not fully understood the conditions surrounding their burial, it was clear that they died simultaneously in struggle. The dominant lithology is reddish-brown, poorly cemented, fine grained sandstone with some conglomerate, and caliche. [11], In 2014 David W. E. Hone and colleagues reported and described two blocks containing death assemblages of P. andrewsi from Tugriken Shireh. What kind of habitat did Protoceratops live in? Both hand and feet unguals were flat, blunt and hoof-like. 8. He explained that the presence of this Bagaceratops specimen in such unusual locality could be solved by: (1) the coexistence and sympatric (altogether) evolution of both Bagaceratops and Protoceratops at this one locality; (2) the rise of B. rozhdestvenskyi in a different region and eventual migration to Udyn Sayr; (3) hybridization between the two protoceratopsids given the near placement of both Bayan Mandahu and Djadokhta; (4) anagenetic (proggressive evolution) evolutionary transition from P. andrewsi to B. rozhdestvenskyi. This genus was based on a few dorsal (back) vertebrae that were stated to differ from those of Protoceratops. Hung Nguyen Architects designed and built the Pavilion of Origins, a greenery-draped structure that uses living plants to purify the air. [13], Brown and Schlaikjer in 1940 upon their large analysis of Protoceratops noted the potential presence of sexual dimorphism among specimens in P. andrewsi, concluding that this condition could be entirely subjective or represent actual differences between sexes. Maryanska and Osmolska also emphasized that some early members of the Ceratopsidae reflect a much older evolutionary history. Sinoceratops is a very significant centrosaur because not only it is the first ceratopsid to be ever discovered in China, but it is also one of the largest centrosaurines ever discovered. The Velociraptor has its right hand trapped within the jaws of the Protoceratops and the left one grasping the Protoceratops skull. Early members such as Psittacosaurus were small and bipedal. [32], Osmlska in 1993 proposed another two hypotheses in order to explain their preservation. [18] Additional fauna from this unit comprises nanhsiungchelyids turtles,[94] and a variety of squamates and mammals. Tysice darmowych zdj i wektorw. Moreover, it lies on the floor with its feet directed to the prey's belly and throat areas, indicating that this Velociraptor was not scavenging. [119], In 1998 during a conference abstract at the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, James I. Kirkland and team reported multiple arthropod pupae casts and borings (tunnels) on a largely articulated Protoceratops specimen from Tugriken Shireh, found in 1997. In 1975, Polish paleontologists Teresa Maryaska and Halszka Osmlska described a second species of Protoceratops which they named P. kozlowskii. [70], In 2008, based on the occurrence of some Protoceratops specimens in fluvial (river-deposited) sediments from the Djadokhta Formation and heterocoelous (vertebral centra that are saddle-shaped at both ends) caudal vertebrae of protoceratopsids, Tereshchenko concluded that the elevated caudal spines are a swimming adaptation. Karen. Such skull traits were regarded as marked [[Genetic variability These individuals were considered as females. [78], Barsbold in 1974 shortly described the Fighting Dinosaurs specimen and discussed possible scenarios. They laid soft-shelled eggs, a rare occurrence in dinosaurs. Its skull was one of the largest of any land animal known to science and particularly big relative to the size of its body. [72], Tereschhenko in 2013 examined the structure of the caudal vertebrae spines of Protoceratops, concluding that it had adaptations for terrestrial and aquatic habits. In this formation, P. hellenikorhinus is the representative species, and it shared its paleoenvironment with numerous dinosaurs such as dromaeosaurids Linheraptor and Velociraptor osmolskae;[87][88] oviraptorids Machairasaurus and Wulatelong;[55][89] and troodontids Linhevenator, Papiliovenator, and Philovenator. [64], In 2018 paleontologists ucja Fostowicz-Frelik and Justyna Sowiak studied the bone histology of several specimens of P. andrewsi through cross-sections, in order to analyze the growth changes in this dinosaur. This ootaxon was firmly stated as belonging to protoceratopsid dinosaurs since they were the predominant dinosaurs where the eggs were found and some skeletons of Protoceratops were found in close proximity to Protoceratopsidovum eggs. They also observed that the maximum or latest stage of development of the neck frill and nasal horn occurred in the oldest Protoceratops individuals, indicating that such traits were ontogenically variable (meaning that they varied with age). The exact size and shape of the frill varied by individual; some had short, compact frills, while others had frills nearly half the length of the skull. [48], In 2016 Hone and team indicated that the tail of Protoceratops, particularly the mid region with elevated neural spines, could have been used in display to impress potential mates and/or for species recognition. Protoceratops Shared its Habitat with Oviraptor. The jaw morphology of Protoceratopsmore suitable for processing plant materialand its extreme abundance indicate it was not a predator, so if it was a diurnal animal, then it would have been expected to have a much smaller sclerotic ring size. Most of the fossilized remains of these dinosaurs were found in Asia, particularly in Mongolia, in the Gobi Desert and other parts of central Asia. This resulted in the interpretation of the contemporary Oviraptor as an egg predatory animal, an interpretation also reflected in its generic name. Even though adult Protoceratops were stocky and quadruped, their tibia-femur length ratiothe tibia being longer than femur, a trait present in bipedal ceratopsianssuggests the ability to occasionally stand on their hindlimbs. [5], The potential importance of these remains were not recognized and given attention, and by 2020 the specimen has already been completely prepared losing all traces of this skin-like layer. Such use of the frill may suggest that intraspecific social behavior was highly important for Protoceratops. [56], However, Leonardo Maiorino with team in 2015 performed a large geometric morphometric analysis using 29 skulls of P. andrewsi in order to evaluate actual sexual dimorphism. 5). A dinosaur habitat right next to rivers are floodplains. The nest (MPC-D 100/530) containing 15 articulated juveniles was collected from the Tugriken Shireh locality of the Djadokhta Formation during the work of Mongolian-Japanese paleontological expeditions. The outlines of eggs and embryos indicates ellipsoid-shaped eggs in life with dimensions about 12cm (120mm) long and 6cm (60mm) wide. Two other groups were found at the Tugriken Shireh locality; one group containing six individuals and another group of about 12 skeletons. [33][34][35], During the Third Central Asiatic Expedition in 1923, a nearly complete Protoceratops skeleton (specimen AMNH 6418) was collected at the Flaming Cliffs. The morphological differences among the Udyn Sayr specimens may indicate intraspecific variation of Protoceratops. Like the neighbouring Bayn Dzak, this new locality contained an abundance of Protoceratops fossils. They are thought to have lived in highly sociable groups of mixed ages. Obtained results indicated that other than the nasal hornwhich remained as the only skull trait with potential sexual dimorphismall previously suggested characters to differentiate hyphotetical males from females were more linked to ontogenic changes and intraspecific variation independent of sex, most notably the neck frill. The dentary (teeth-bearing bone) was robust, deep, slightly recurved, and fused to the angular and surangular. Most of the sacral ribs were fused into the sacrum, and had a rather curved shape. [116][117], The relatively low dinosaur paleodiversity, small body size of most dinosaurs, and arid settings of the Djadokhta Formation compared to those of the Nemegt Formation, suggest that Protoceratops and contemporaneous biota lived in a stressed paleoenvironment (physical factors that generate adverse impacts on the ecosystem). Handa and team in addition found variation across this Udyn Sayr sample and classified them in three groups. [31], In 2018 Tereshchenko examined and described several articulated cervical vertebrae of P. andrewsi and reported the presence of two abnormally fused vertebrae (specimen PIN 3143/9). Among scenarios, an anagenetic transition was best supported by Czepiski given the fact that no definitive B. rozhdestvenskyi fossils are found in Udyn Sayr, as expected from a hybridization event; MPC-D 100/551B lacks a well-developed accessory antorbital fenestra (hole behind the nostril openings), a trait expected to be present if B. rozhdestvenskyi had migrated to the area; and many specimens of P. andrewsi recovered at Udyn Sayr already feature a decrease in the presence of primitive premaxillary teeth, hence supporting a growing change in the populations. The maxillary teeth of ceratopsians were usually packed into a dental battery that formed vertical shearing blades which probably chopped the leaves. If this dinosaur had grown to adulthood, it would have developed a neck frill, too. [1] Gregory and Charles C. Mook in 1925 upon a more deeper analysis of Protoceratops and its overall morphology, concluded that this taxon represents a ceratopsian more primitive than ceratopsids and not an ankylosaur-ceratopsian ancestor. [63], In 2017 Mototaka Saneyoshi with team analyzed several Protoceratops specimens from the Djadokhta Formation, noting that from perinate/juvenile to subadult individuals, the parietal and squamosal bones increased their sides to posterior sides of the skull. ; Vincent Tong and Aaron Harris as Crash and Eddie, respectively: Twin prankster opossum . Other facies include alluvial (stream-deposited) and eolian (wind-deposited) sediments. He also indicated that the anterior caudals were devoid of high neural spines and had increased mobilitya mobility that stars to decrease towards the high neural spines, which suggest that the tail could be largely raised from its base. The sclerotic ring (structure that supports the eyeball), found inside the orbit, was circular in shape and formed by consecutive bony plates. The use of the frill as a displaying structure may be related to other anatomical features of Protoceratops such as the premaxillary teeth (at least for P. andrewsi) which could have been used in display or intraspecific combat, or the high neural spines of tail. He considered unlikely such interpretation based on the relative fragility of some frill bones and the large individual variation, which may have affected the development of those muscles. Ceratopsians (including protoceratopsids), along with Euoplocephalus, Hungarosaurus, parkosaurid, ornithopod and heterodontosaurine dinosaurs, were found to be in the former category, indicating that Protoceratops and relatives had strong bite forces and relied mostly on its jaws to process food. A green oasis has popped up in Hanoi, a city choked by smog. This footprint was described in 2012 by Grzegorz Niedwiedzki and colleagues who considered it to represent one of the first reported finds of a dinosaur footprint in association with an articulated skeleton, and also the first one reported for Protoceratops. Protoceratops cf. The rear of the skull gave form to a pronounced neck frill (also known as "parietal frill") mostly composed of the parietal and squamosal bones. One Protoceratops Species was Named in Honor of a Real-Life Indiana Jones. While adults were largely quadrupedal, juveniles had the capacity to walk around bipedally if necessary. It was believed that the discovery of a small, herbivorous dinosaur named Protoceratops was the inspiration for the creation of the iconic griffin, a belief challenged in 2016 by paleontologist Mark Witton. Individuals with a high nasal horn, massive prefrontals, and frontoparietal depression were tentatively determined as males.

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