Your help is appreciated. See Kennett's # 2 and # 9 above. Misc. Comblain Hubert Joseph Chartier Please someone let me know that they know about these Belgian doubles! Does it reach the touch hole? Again, thank you Ancion Marx Withdraw it and lay it along the barrel, lining up the pencil mark with the muzzle. and BELGIUM had a glut of old, obsolete flint lock and percussion gun parts left over from years past. BELGIAN MADE, 12 GAUGE, BOXLOCK EJECTOR, 32" BARRELS, CHOKES MODIFIED & FULL, 2-3/4", BROADWAY RIB, GOLD WASHED SINGLE SELECTIVE INERTIA TRIGGER, NON-AUTOMATIC SAFETY, PISTOL GRIP, .Click for more info Seller: Country Pursuits Area Code: 718 $3,895.00 ROYAL GUN, BELGIUM SXS 12GA, GI#: 102149842 OldGuns Newsletter . Cap Joseph John Browning's Auto-5 set the bar for semi-automatic shotguns. Choke constriction, together with barrel dimension this can give a brief view of the choke. Markus, clearly your gun is from 1943, but look, you have used a 2011 old post. Coquilhat Aim Serial Numbers. Measuring the bore diameter and chamber Home | Login | Register. The examiner must rely on proof marks when trying to identify these firearms. Post request for quotation and get multiple offers from manufacturers, 155MM HE 107 Full Zone 8 Charge with Electronic Fuze, Large quantity of surplus guns and exotic guns, BA 312 Semi-Auto Magazine Tube Tactical Shotgun, BA 912 Bullpup Mag-Fed Semi-Auto (2 Different Mold), BA 912 Special Cerakote Bullpup Mag-Fed Semi-Auto Shotgun. Bernimolin Each gunmaker is presented with the maximum Would that appear at this location on the piece?What Im attempting to do, is get this pistol appraised; thus the research to discover all the markings. L. L. Hepburn percussion combination rifle, .36 cal. interlaced, and surmounted by a crown. Volunteer arms co. on October 29, 2020: 16 gauge serial number is 90524xe what would it be worth and how old is it. This devotion to Americana papers over the foreign status of all three gun companies: Glock. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. Jacquemart-Pirotte Joseph Jamar & Cie Jamar Frres Jamar Jean Henri Jamar J. H. & Soleil & Smits Jamar-Smits Jean Henri Jamar Michel Jamin Marcel Jamri J. H. Jans Jansen Adolphe Janssen Fils & Cie Janssen Frres Janson Auguste Jaspar J. JBL Job T. Joiris Joiris & Geurten Joiris Jean, Vandenbergh G & Geurten J. Joiris Joseph Jolet Joseph The wood does not look ancient so I am guessing in the 1970s or so. These marks are customarily the cipher of the gunsmiths guild and the mark of the State or city. - Galoppin Closset Louis - Remy Hubert It's complete. Hi, thanks for the info and knowledge you provided. listed in alphabetical order. Carl Russell & Co Gunmakers Ltd, Stable Yard, Hatfield Park, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 5NQ. Bernard Henri Eugne Also on the chamber there are three marks, one which I have not been able to identify, but appears to be provisional proof? In contrast to Walther, Mauser did not start over with serial numbers at the . Since it reads >>Made in Belgium<< on the side of the tubes it was made for export. The Belgian gun industry in Liege produced flintlock muskets for their African colonies until the mid-1950s. The British Sporting Gun and Rifle: Pursuit of Perfection 1850-1900. 1899-2011 Modern Guns. Courard %PDF-1.3 1870-1898. If I was asked for a guess for a dollar I would say mid 1930's. LLH (and other Belgian makers) made the tubes used by most of the U.S. double gun makers 1920s-1940s, with Siemens-Martin or Krupp (by license) steel supplied by Cockerill. There's no indication of gauge. Most shotguns have smoothbore barret to be able to use shells which are grouped by gauges (instead of rifles caliber) - they indicate the weight of the ammunition fired. Scroll through our inventory of antique pistols and handguns from our cartridge pistols and revolvers category below. GWO, good condition. I have my grand dads Belgian Browning A5 Sweet Sixteen. We have provided you The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. (Six volumes by alphabetical order), Belgian Liege gunmakers (A to C) - Volume 1. Do check with a gunsmith before you shoot it! I will try to upload a pic if it'll let me. Sorry! "Any maker's name or place of origin? Ad Categories: Pre-1840. late 1880's to early 1890's, .22 caliber rim fire 22 1/2 octagonal barrel, carved walnut stock, iron furniture. There are literally thousands of small individual makers, and often such . Berleur Guillaume Judging by the comments that appeared when I Googled "spesco corporation," your guess is on target. HI, John. Sounds like a 19th C. Belgian pinfire shotgun (grin). If the price seems too good to be true, it probably is. Double proof as prescribed by the French law of 1810. Burrard, Major Sir Gerald. Have had this gun in family for as far as i remember at least 40 years. Thank you for Mauser was a late entry in 1888. Classic Arms Importers and manufacturers of blackpowder guns and kits, located in Palmer, Massachusetts. proof marks. manufacturers identifying marks, more commonly referred to as Proof Marks, Arsenal or Inspector Marks Smaller gauges progressively cost more, with 20-gauge guns generally bringing at least twice the price of a 12 gauge. But despite the history the belgian proof stamps are rather straight forward, normally one cant get more information from the proof more than it has been done if one cant find the inspectors mark. The Modern Shotgun. Email: ghcox3@gmail.com. Thanks again for the help! Come join the discussion about optics, hunting, gunsmithing, styles, reviews, accessories, classifieds, and more! (copy right L.R. Order this book online and pay it through Bovy Thodore Joseph JavaScript is disabled. to identify the manufacturer. Bastin Frres The gun belonged to HH Nawab Ahsanullah. Thank y'all again! In 1899 alone, the U.S. firms of Hartley & Graham and Simmons Hardware bought 90,000 shotguns, rifles, and handguns from Liege gunmakers. Just re-visiting this thread to see if there is any new insight on the symbol "E" in the triangle on the side of the breech. Their proof marks are two feathers, or curved branches, crossed with letters in the angles of the cross so formed. Markings on gun barrels and other gun components that indicate the level of pressure, calibre and standards that a weapon is fit for in service.. U.S.A.Most pistols exported from the United States are not proof marked in their country of origin. Inspectors mark, normally these are kept secret. The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London did much to publicize Lefaucheuxs system. The family was in the barrel making business from the 1880's until mid the 1960's. http://www.littlegun.be/arme belge/artisans identifies d/a delcour dupont gb.htm This is Jean-Baptiste Delcour-Dupont and his son Oscar, 1924. I have a Belgium 38-40 with a 7 in barrel all matching. The fourth the crossed branches, with the letters S.E.E., and a cross in their angles. Colleye Henri Joseph acknowledge the testing - called "Proof Marks". Anyone else know? (most sales were in the 1930s). Marks, Arsenal & Inspector Marks. Colard Louis - Counet Lonard Arnold Mathias Arendt Maurice Hand Guns 2 Rifles-Shotguns 0 . Those are about the only other possible sources of information, and probably won't narrow it down much more than what we know: second half of the 19th century, but before 1892.Best,GerryBest. A reader hasasked me to say something aboutBelgian proof marks. Beretta, a maker of handguns and shotguns, has hired an Elvis Presley impersonator for live events. presented below is the first of the series and is covering the gunmakers whose names are Boden By 1931, Fabrique Nationale d'Armes de Guerre in Herstal, Belgium (FN) launched an even smaller .25 ACP pistol developed by the company's chief designer, Dieudonn Saive. Hand Guns 8 Rifles-Shotguns 2 . Information, NRA Very long barrel. The Belgian-made Auto-5 gets more accolades, but the Miroku A-5 is the better gun. The system of proof in Great Britain was as follows: In England, the second charter of the Gunmakers Company granted in 1672 marked the beginning of the official proving of arms, but it did not apply to weapons made elsewhere in the Kingdom, provided they were not offered for sale in the London market. Based only on the pictures, those barrels do not appear to be Damascus. Second Variation serial numbers 707517-851751 (7,000 produced) - 708921. Any help would be appreciated. Well the bore is noted in the rhombus as >>12<< and the constriction values are >>18.2/18.2<< & >>17.3/18.2<< so with those it has to be a 12 bore. for exports be able towithstand a proscribed load without damage. I have two sets of wood handles and artillery holster with marks of 7 ; 44; 105C. If you are considering buying a Belgian gun, look long and hard atits quality. to identify antique arms from different parts of the world, we decided Due to the vast quantity of data to treat, the global work was parted . 1893 - 1924 1930 - present CH B RAYE 15 Designates 4th or nitro proof; the mark contains the name of the powder in abbreviated form ( Schultze, E.C.) Photos of the flats on the barrels and on the action would help a lot. Inspector's marks can not be used to establish date of manufacture; they were re-used over time and the significance of some has been lost. Just got hold of a 12gauge apparently belgian shotgun with a mark reading AB and an M below, surrounded by a small circle with a crown on top. Beuret Frres barrel began as a means to insure its safety and integrity. The book JavaScript is disabled. The 12.65 I take to mean 12 gauge with 2 1/2" chambers (70 would be the modern 2 3/4"). or E.C. The IZh motorcycles and automobiles are manufactured by. Where did you find the Falla mark? Paypal, Order + 10-14% by piezoelectric transducer measurement. The mark was seldom requested, Chamber dimensions in millimeters shotguns undergoing smokeless proof. These firearms are cottage industry type weapons without a specific brand name. this location now so you can return often. Christophe Louis Birmingham had also a proof, but this test was not obligatory, and makers evaded the tests. rifle,over a 12 ga. shotgun. I can't tell if it was proved for nitro: those have a lion over the PV. arsenal marks, you will find other marks or stampings. Thanks for any help you can offer.Rick dwonczyk, I found one with elg with a star underneath in a circle but there was also a T with a star above it and the letter S also on the cylinder pin fire solid erase revolver with a collapsible trigger was told it was .31, Hi, Rick. Hand Guns 24 Rifles-Shotguns 22 . This printed and hardbound book, written in English and French by Alain Daubresse, provide an extensive insight about the gunmaking activity in Belgium from its very beginning to the middle of the 20th century. Serial # 58755 S76 This custom made Belgium gun was probably designed for the European market. Bertrand Antoine Colot It could be almost anything: an English Greener, which would have Birmingham, England, proof marks, or it could be a double of dubious origin. So the only indicator of the chamber depth is found with the stamp of the Chamber dimensions? Ray D, STOGERS, advertised them as being made for the AFRICAN tribes to hunt with because with them they would not be able to rebel against the BELGIAN rulers who had modern arms. He leases space in the Olathe Gun Shop where, at any given time, you can see hundreds. The Baby Browning in . Bodson TH. It is a hammer back breakaway 12 gauge side by side. Is there a 70mm stamp on the extractor blade faces? Knowledge of commonly used military ammunition assists If you have a question or would like more information, please call (877) 214-9327 or email info . The mark is applied after the gun has passed the Belgian proof. Clment Charles Philibert For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. The problem is this mark was used from 1818 (muzzle loading period) until 1893, so that hardly narrows down the time frame. You may know how to do this: put the ramrod down the barrel and mark it with a pencil at the muzzle. I would be grateful to any lover of arms who possesses authentic dated weapons, or has catalogued a private collection, if he would send to me, in care of my publishers, any such information which will add to the mass of fact available. It's very old but I'd like to know more about it. Can't help much w/o some photos (send to ghcox3@gmail.com). Listing of small arms appearing from 1800 to 1899. insight about the gunmaking activity in Belgium from its very beginning to the middle of But despite the history the belgian proof stamps are rather straight forward, normally one can't get more information from the proof more than it has been done if one can't find the inspectors mark. Dallas, Donald. The "1136" might be the serial number for that pair of pistols. Barrels are not rifled- does this mean it must be a shotgun? i have old 12 bore gun with marking as -elg with crown above in oval shape, PV, CHOKE, 1KG 545, X WITH STAR ON IT, 12.65, these r sum of the markings, the condition is good, its our family gun, but i dont know it value or year of manufacture, if u can help. Rifles & Musket Information. The idea behind such a test is to verify the strength of the barrel, breech and firing system of a firearm by deliberately firing an over-pressured cartridge. Serial Numbers. As mentioned, Damascus barrels were made from strips of iron and steel wrapped around a mandrel in "barber pole" fashion, and the spriral pattern can usually be seen clearly. We provide antique gun prices and pictures of each antique firearm we sell. I will have to upload some pictures later when I get to my computer. Using a shotgun shell (a self-contained cartridge with multiple small, sphere-shaped projectiles) instead of a usual bullet is what makes a shotgun a separate kind of a gun. Until 1894, stamped in .02mm graduations, then in 0.1mm steps, Degree of choke, in this case 0.7mm constriction. This will be an on going Thanks! Bazin F.J. Hand Guns 3 Rifles-Shotguns 0 . Hello, I have two ELG 1136 Belgian Percussion Dueling pistols with a 6 inch barrel. In some cases this cipher is also preceded by the figures 16, and followed by a capital B., also surmounted by a crown. and an eagles head. vast quantity of data to treat, the global work was parted in a series of publications, The proof marks shown below will assist in determining nationality of manufacturers when no other markings are evident. Savage continued to build guns under the A.H. Fox name into the 1940s. Board Of The third is a plain stamp, with the letters A.V.E. Clement, Charles Pistol and revolver manufacturer in Liege, Belgium, c.1886-1914. Since 1924 used on all rifled arms. On top between the barrels "CANONS ACIER GARANTI". I've owned two Belgian side by sides and two Browning Superposed, so I guess I can say that I have some acquaintance withtwentieth centuryones, but unlike my posts on antique English shotguns I don't have an antique Belgian one at hand to describe. These might cursive as well. Nessonvaux is short drive outside of Liege. Underneath the whole appears the word St. Etienne. This listing allows you to trace back a particular nation's aviation history in reverse-chronological order. The Liege proof house was established in 1672 and it is the oldest European proof house still in operation. My best guess is that it's a maker's mark, but of course I could be wrong. There's no brand name on it (I've been p and down it 100 times) it does say laminated barrel and that's it. As I've said, I'm not an expert. Very little: I'm assuming it isn't a muzzleloader but a breechloader, which means it could be as early as 1860-1865, say. On barrels and actions of smoothbore guns with the gauge size. These include the For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. On barrels of muzzleloading guns that has passed a re-enforced black powder proof. 254.541.2985 John Hille, john@jhille.com. After investigation of proofmarks I realised it is a Belgium manufacured gun from Liege. There's no indication of chamber length--but that didn't begin until 1892.The other marks I can't identify.So what can I tell you? However, there are more proof marks that I cannot find on the internet. Anonymes B. Tradename on guns made in Belgium, c.1900. It is a 12 gauge with 70mm = 2 3/4" chambers. Berleur Michel These are original antique muzzleloaders that are made by individual gunsmiths or small manufacturing concerns, usually prior to the era of mass production, but sometimes well into the mid-19th century. IMPORTANT NOTE! Sorry for my delay in responding: I've been OOT and off-line for two weeks. visiting our on-line listing of manufacturers identifying marks, Birmingham did not establish its proof houses until 1813, and though another Act was passed in 1815 to strengthen the former, the laws were not stringent enough, and the Birmingham proof was not recognized as sound until much later, when the Act of 1855, still unsatisfactory, and the eventually satisfactory one of 1868, was passed. Coleye M. N. Beckers G. [Later note: Gerhard Wirnsberger has written. examiner must rely on proof marks when trying to identify these The crowned R was for revolvers after semi-smokeless proof and 50 % excess pressure. Can you send me some, Ed? Since the U.S. has no proofing houses (as in England, France, Germany and . << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Designates rifled barrel. are cottage industry type weapons without a specific brand name. Charlier Ch. so that means it is for sure a 12 gauge? I live in Tennessee and would love help on identifying this gun down to the year and place made. Comblain - Dorther Hubert Pricing Guides & Dictionary of Makers Marks for Antiques & Collectibles. In 1888 it was decided by a joint meeting of the Gunmakers Company and the Birmingham Guardians that a new supplementary proof for smokeless powder should be instituted in 1893, 1896, and 1904; the rules were further adjusted to allow for new powders. We now have 1689 serial numbers!. The standard proving of weapons rose out of the need for protection on the part of the public against unreliable weapons, and it was also a means of protecting the armourer guild and good craftsmen against outside competition with cheap imported arms. Black powder proof for rifles and shotguns. Belgian Arms cie Always found in conjunction with the stamps above, which would indicate type of powder. Shooting Made in the USA: A List of where gun makers manufacture By Jim Harmer Updated on February 7, 2023 It's important to know where your firearms come from if you are a conscious consumer who wants to make sure your money is only going to places you support. If there is no Lion over PV, the gun was NOT proved for smokeless powder. Belgium double barrel 16 Gauge SN 13938 preBelgium double barrel 16 Gauge SN 13938 pre 1898 fine old Belgium imported exposed hammer shotgun, Leige proofed, floral engraved receiver showing some; FINE 19C. Bultot Jean R. Medina on October 31, 2020: ttn intnl model 1878 s/n 4751. michael v ventimiglia on October 30, 2020: new england firearms ( N G 001039 ) model r22 ultra mini. . All 24 Shotguns made in Belgium, Belgian made Shotguns from manufacturers.name.include? Very helpfull once again. Hi, Jeremy. On the bottom of the barrel it has the proof mark like number 9 (E,L,G,) (no crown). Ateliers Saint Laurent, Bauwir Joseph Ad Categories: Pre-1840. ~JP2lLn)wMO(;%vvRnS>2sw~zG!D""L0MW#+J%d)g"#Q4H&D4&KdU_};g|CN>Is>X&'vqFc&Pkr3EjZ1M&|dv55*6GI?/cOra#2K;cW>rLFtgtycw^4RiK-myVS[${XZw ho"=^f%DeiG wPnD6#diqSg].GI24?>.0 ?~wXy$6Sd3Ln2IdLL_#6)G7OE)7igF. Flintlock fowling pieces and rifles were made for the Northwest Indian trade until the early twentieth century; so, too, percussion long guns for sale in Africa. Hunting, fishing, cooking, and other critical aspects of life. Handguns, shotguns, machine guns, battle rifles Seekins Precision Glen Seekins Seekins Precision United States Civilian S&T Motiv S&T Holdings Co Ltd South Korea Military S&W Horace Smith and Daniel B. Wesson Smith & Wesson: United States Various: Savage Arthur Savage Savage Arms: United States SCCY SCCY Firearms: United States Seraphim Armoury . this book online and pay it through Paypal. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. Mark, I'm unclear what the "leg in a circle" looks like; ditto the "star over the k". Bouquin Ad Midway USA sells a CO2 kit to unload both flint and percussion guns.Best,Gerry, hello, what does a 'z' also indicate on a Begian pinfire revolver cylinder please. Joseph Farrell on October 27, 2020: The 1136 is engraved on the bottom of the barrel. In its small version its a acceptance mark on barrels that was exported in a unfinished state 1846-1893, In its small version its a black powder mark on small pistols and revolvers barrels 1866-1893, In its small version its a black powder mark on small revolvers cylinders 1866-1893. Bernard Alphonse Cowboy & Old Western History Items 2/3/2023 Bargain Basement 2/3/2023 Check our Services. Old Belgium 12 gage double barrel shotgun. Any info will help. Many thanxPS:. It is located just above the circle with ELG. Hey I have a F. Dumoulin & Co. 12 gauge side by side with double hammers. All 31 Belgian gun makers, Belgium dealers and sellers and suppliers Home > Companies Gun & arms makers from Belgium country Czech Republic South Africa Israel Malaysia Netherlands Belgium Norway United Arab Emirates Finland Nigeria Ukraine Hungary Indonesia Lithuania Serbia Slovak Republic Croatia New Zealand Sweden Greece Japan Slovenia A forum community dedicated to Shotgun owners and enthusiasts including the Remington, Beretta, and Mossberg shotguns brands. On this page, once you scroll past the patent stuff, you'll find a gun very much like yours. I had a gunsmith replace some springs and open the choke. What about a lightning bolt with a star above? I think the barrels of that gun are solid steel, and the marking would seem to bear that out, but the gun should be examined by a knowledgeable gunsmith before firing with modern ammunition. Length of chamber over diameter of chamber. I can't find any other mumbers on the gun other than the multiple proof markings that I will post later. Mark for voluntary treble temporary or provisional proof on unfinished barrels, Mark for voluntary double temporary or provisional proof on unfinished barrels. 1840-1860. Spain depended for long upon the proof of individual armourers, and most Spanish barrels were marked with the stamp of the maker set in a square or oblong block under a crown. . Ever seen that? Any idea how to date it? The numbers 138 G(looks like a 1) are under the proof mark. ]v8 >ZX 2Fu}) Lee Kennett did afine survey, "A History of Proof Marks: Gun Proof in Belgium," that waspublished in. He received his technical training in Soest and then in Warstein. Thanks Brandon. BELGIAN FLOBERT SINGLE SHOT RIFLE: Circa. A forum community dedicated to all firearm owners and enthusiasts. There's no indication of choke--but that didn't begin in Belgium until 1898. It's as useful in a duck blind as it is . Revolvers are marked on barrel, on the frame, and on each chamber. Ancion Jacques & Cie Belgian proofs are among the oldest and have a very long history. My grandfather was a hunter long back in time just after WW2 and I have his shotgun in memory of him. Bauduin Charles production. What does 12 over C mean in a triangle? Breechloaders had existed previously, but Casimir Lefaucheux's 1835 invention of the pin-fire cartridgea cylinder with a pin extending at right angles to the base which detonated a fulminate charge in the cartridgequickly led to better breechloading systems and to the development first of rimfire and then of centerfire cartridges. It means it's a 12 gauge that has been proofed with black powder. 3 vols. Delcour-Dupont was a barrel maker in Nessonvaux, Belgium. Fakes and fraudulentmakers' marksare not a recent invention--note what William Greener said in 1835 (seemy earlier post of April 20, 2014). The 'z' most likely is an inspector's mark indicating satisfactory quality for this part: in this case, a revolver cylinder--that's my best guess, anyway. Outdoor Hub, LLC (d/b/a Carbon Media Group), 30800 Telegraph Rd, Suite 1921, Bingham Farms, MI 48025 USA. be reproduced, in part or in whole, without the written permission of '. A.H. Fox guns came in 12-gauge, 16-gauge, and 20-gauge. Dear Shamsher, I can't help much without sharp photos, but it appears your gun is Belgian, made in Liege, no earlier than 1893. The circled L is a special proof mark applied to guns imported into Belgium that do not carry proof marks recognized by the Liege proof house. I'll restrict myself therefore tosaying something about gun making in Belgium and offering some proof marks. #1 A buddy at work inherited a very nice customized Mauser from his dad. Their total production was around 180,000 guns. wolf and human romance manga J.C. Higgins Model 31 Parts, Schematic | Numrich Gun Parts Manufacturers J.C. Higgins Rifles 31 J.C. Higgins Rifles 31 Parts List Sort by: Show Available 0 Schematic w/ Parts List 2 Driving Spring 3 Driving Spring Guide 4 Barrel 5 / 6 Bolt 8 Buttplate Screw 9 Buttplate Trim 10 Cartridge Lifter 11 Cartridge Lifter . To my knowledge, there isn't a book out that covers European proof marks: If someone knows about such a book, please add a comment with that information. of data available and a wealth of color pictures about the most typical pieces of his for your continued support, encouragement and admonishment. The first on the left and the fourth (the one that resembles a candlestick)indicate provisional proof. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. Bronne Gustave So the barrel strength would be just a bit less than "modern" barrels; but not the corrosion resistance of Winchester Nickel Steel or AISI 4140. Members . The viewers mark was a capital V, also surmounted with a crown. Do you have any information on them? for identifying the acceptance and proof marks as it appears, many I have pics of the Proof marks I want to show you. Some of the links in the first post are inactive and can not be edited. Credit: @matt_s_schmidt Unfortunately, given that double barrel shotguns were made in numerous countries and then exported to the USA, chances are that not all of them will state the manufacturer and serial number in the same way. Worldwide Logistics for all your products. Bertrand Joseph Reply rdlowe Pilgrim Joined Dec 11, 2015 Messages 236 Reaction score 190 Location Dallas TX Dec 21, 2018 #3 curator said: Are also discussed the many markings found applied on the guns and their thank you. Counet Philippe Sorry for the delay in getting back to you, Brandon, but I've been out of the country w/o internet access. Besides these national collections, there are many municipal and private galleries whose curators have formed most excellent catalogues, but in the main this knowledge is uncoordinated. The crown R and star P stamped on the barrel, receiver, and cylinder.

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