Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of IIT Kharagpur. In the three last decades, the repair of several constructions was affected by extreme damage attributed to the swelling phenomena (Bouassida et al., 2006). (1989). A displacement sensor enables the recording of the evolution of swelling pressure (Figure 12). Station, Vicksburg, MS. Report No. Prediction of Swelling Potential for Compacted Clays. This case, illustrated in Figures 13A,B, 1cm of the oedometer ring thickness is filled with expansive soil S1 and 0.9cm remaining with compacted sand (Sand = 1.806g/cm3; wiSand = 5%; 1mm < D 1.250mm). Holtz, W. G., and Gibbs, H. J. This change in volume can exert enough force on a building or other structure to cause damage. Comparative Study of Expansive and Non-expansive Soils Stabilized with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). Data comprises Tunisian and two non-Tunisian soils. Master Thesis. 978-1-118-41799-7. Some areas have more expansive soils than others (see map below from Geology.com). Characterization of Expansive Clays. Aniculaesi, M., and Lungu, I. Two cored specimens extracted at ENIT, Tunis El Manar University, Tunisia. Previously expanded soils that have since contracted contain cracks or voids left behind by the loss of moisture. is that extensive is in the nature of an extent, wide, widespread while expansive is able to be expanded. The following table gives the swelling potential of soil as low, medium, high and very high from which we can identify the soil as swelling type or not. Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0886-8_45, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Seed, H. B., Woodward, R. J., and Lundgren, R. (1962). Reservoir Formation Damage 2016, 77125. Figure 2B shows the effect of cation size on cation migration into an interparticle. As ions are retained by clay particles in expansive soils (Figure 2B), there is a movement of water from low ionic concentration areas to high ionic concentration areas inside the clay. First, the article suggests a new approach for characterizing expansive soils from oedometer test results and, second, the mitigation of swelling phenomenon by using a granular material, as an interface tested in a laboratory, for reducing the swelling pressure on foundations. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Chemical Treatment of Expansive Soil by Different saline Solutions, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 341349. Front. NSE Technical Transactions 32(4):6576, Osula DOA (1991) lime modification of problem laterite. Ann. (archaic) Not expensive; inexpensive. Octahedral sheets are sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets in 2:1 clays, while 1:1 clays have sheets in matched pairs. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests were carried out for different curing periods of 0, 3, 7, 21 and 28days. Then, the swelling stabilized during 02h 30min. (2019). However, a number of clay minerals are expansive. Therefore, the suggested method of classification is applicable both for expansive and non-expansive soils. remains constant. the expansive clays by non-expansive soils to the depth of influence of expansive clays, (2) Ponding the expansive soil area before construction, (3) Min-imizing expansion by moisture-density control, (4) Stabilizing with chemicals, and (5) Structural modi-fications. Expansive Soil Characterisation: an Appraisal. Inexpensive definition, not expensive; not high in price; costing little. Our solutions are economical reagents that assist with drying, modifying, stabilizing, neutralizing, and fixating soils, sediments, waste streams, & contaminants. Some larger heavier structures are able to suppress pressure and movements associated with the volume changes of expansive soils. J Construct Build Mater 19(2005):448453, Brooks RM (2009) Soil Stabilization with Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash. There are also some sulfate salts Osman, M. A., and Charlie, W. A. It was observed that UCS of Lime treatment is approximately 3 times higher than that of RHA treatment. Expansive soils are comprised primarily of minerals (incredibly fine particles) with little to no organic material and are thus incredibly viscous, proving difficult to drain. FIGURE 8. Solut. As a verb cheap is to trade; traffic; bargain; chaffer; ask the price of goods; cheapen goods. Testing of Expansive Clays in a Centrifuge Permeameter, in Pan-Am CGS Geotechnical Conference. Since expansive soils are present in all 50 states, it is not possible to simply avoid expansive soils. Required fields are marked *. Destruction of hydraulic structures such as buried pipelines, drains, sewage systems and irrigation systems are very dangerous and can be fatal in certain conditions. Int J Earth Sci Eng 4(6):4245, Al-Mukhtar M, Khattab S, Alcover JF (2012) Microstructure and geotechnical properties of limetreated expansive clayey soil. | Careers |Privacy policy | Terms and Conditions | Contact Us | Sitemap. The usefulness fluctuations occur) is small and where a suitable replacement material is available. TABLE 2. map. Some expansive minerals present in soils can expand as much as 30 percent! J Geotech Test 28(3):240246, Greaves HM (1996) An introduction to lime stabilization. Is sand an expansive soil? IOP Conf. In North of Tunisia, several projects are in progress where expansive clays exist from the ground surface and extend to deep layers. 4th Indian reprint, Pearson Education, Delhi, Fang HY (1991) Foundation Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., Van Nostrand Reinhold Publishing Company, Ola SA (1975) Stabilization of Nigeria lateritic soils with cement, bitumen and lime. Expansive soils as used in . X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope tests were carried out to study the mineralogical and microstructural properties of the soil. CE32 No.3. Expansive Soils and Practice in Foundation Engineering, in Louisiana Transportation Conference, Baton Rouge. In: Proceedings of 6th regional conference Africa on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Durban, South Africa, Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristic, I: soil-lime mixe. Holtz, R. D., Kovacs, W. D., and Sheahan, T. C. (2011). Expansive soils contain minerals, such as smectite clays, that are prone to absorb copious amounts of moisture. Data insufficient to indicate the clay content or the swelling potential of soils. The swelling introduces positive skin friction along the pile and the requirement for force equilibrium means that the positive skin friction extends into the non-swelling soil. 304, Highway Research Board, Washington, DC, 99138, Bell FG (1996) Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils. Expansions of ten percent or more are not uncommon. During time, the swelling rate decreases; in fact, in the intervals time (0; 2000s); (2000; 4,500s); (4,500; 5,000s); (5,000; 6,000s), the swelling rates are equal to 22.4nm/s, 38.5nm/s, 17.1nm/s, 36nm/s and 15nm/s, respectively. This phenomenon is reversible when the water content decreases due to evaporation, evapotranspiration and absorption by the roots (Figure 1). Another very common sign of expansive soil heave is cracking and lifting of the floor slab of a two-car garage. Hence, the Tunisian Ministry of Equipment, building and infrastructures have made it a priority of special attention when designing foundations on expansive clays. Non-expansive clays do exist, however. This paper addressed the study of the classification and mitigation of expansive soils. The research results indicate that the soil in Gedebage is expansive soil that has very high swelling properties with a Plasticity Index (PI) value of 48.09%. Google Scholar, Nalbantoglu, Z (2006) Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK, Basha EA, Hashim R, Mahmud HB, Muntohar AS (2004) Stabilization of residual soil with rice husk ash and cement. Cc:Compression index; Cs: Swelling index; : unit mass; : stress; f: final applied stress level; s: swelling pressure; :deformation; l: thickness of the expansive clay; l: upward swelling displacement; HG: thickness of granular material layer; HS: thickness of expansive clay layer; D: dimension; ENIT: National Engineering School of Tunis; UTM: University of Tunis El Manar. . This layer plays, first, the role of an absorber of the swelling pressure. Expansive soil is a kind of soil as opposed to a condition that can be caused in soil. These areas are underlain by soils with little to no clays with swelling potential. Cement and Lime Stabilization of Compacted Expansive Clay, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 369377. Proc. [1] Soils with a high content of expansive minerals can form deep cracks in drier seasons or years; such soils are called vertisols. X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope tests were carried out to study the mineralogical and microstructural properties of the soil. FIGURE 5. Property Risk Assessment for Expansive Soils in Louisiana. When they take on water, they increase in volume. Keywords: expansive clay, characterization, granular material, swelling pressure, mitigation, oedometer test, compression index, swelling index, Citation: Bouassida M, Manigniavy SA, Azaiez D and Bouassida Y (2022) New Approach for Characterization and Mitigation of the Swelling Phenomenon. That way, they can be properly treated to produce a structurally stable base for construction operations to build upon. Over 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of high swelling potential. All rights reserved. Building Response to ExcavationInduced Settlement. This is due to the weakness of layer liaisons. New York: Elsevier Publisher B.V. Chen, F. H. (1965). This shrinkage can remove support from buildings or other structures and result in damaging subsidence. Skempton, A. W. (1953). The proposed characterization method is based on the Cc/Cs ratio by using data collected from four (04) case histories and selected ones from others countries (Algeria and United States). New Delhi: BIS. FHWA-RE-77-94, NTIS PB-289-164. Several researchers have found ways to classify expansive soils by indirect methods: Atterberg limits tests (Holtz and Gibbs, 1956; IS:1498, 1970; Chen, 1975), activity method (Skempton, 1953; Seed et al., 1962; Sridharan and Prakash, 2016) and the clay fraction method (Holtz and Gibbs, 1956; Chen, 1965; Holtz et al., 2011). Waals attraction on a water film that is mainly applicable for non-expansive soils with SSA < 150 m2=g. However, that large-scale view is not very useful for individual construction projects. TABLE 1. It was observed that UCS of Lime treatment is approximately 3 times higher than that of RHA treatment. (1983). (B) A composite sample: 53% of expansive clay and 47% of granular material. Foundations on Expansive Soils. J Eng Geol 42(1996):223237, CrossRef doi:10.1007/s41403-016-0001-9, Athmania, D., Benaissa, A., Hammadi, A., and Bouassida, M. (2010). The engineer may recommend apost tension slabfor a new home for example orpush/helicalpiers to push through the active zone of soil to hitbedrockfor an existing project. This swelling difference may be . Your email address will not be published. Sci. (B) Load distribution by adding a granular layer Sf < Si. The characterization is referred to direct methods rather use data from the oedometer swell test, free swell tests and suction measurement. To prevent the occurrence of the swelling phenomenon, the peripheral drainage trench revealed a suitable method to control water evacuation away from structural elements in contact with these problematic clays. Currently, builders are required by law to have a Geotechnical Engineer (G.E.) For instance, the soil swells during the high humidity season with induced deformation in a retaining wall. In this study, two distinct oedometer tests are proposed: only with expansive clay sample (Figure 9A), with expansive clays sample plus a granular layer (Figure 9B). Tunis, Tunisia: National Engineering School of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar. Expansive soils contain minerals, such assmectite clays, that are prone to absorb copious amounts of moisture. Snethen, D. R., Johnson, L. D., and Patrick, D. M. (1977). (2017). Every year they cause billions of dollars in damage. Table 5 illustrates the vertical displacements and the final stress levels for both cases. Geology.com. Non-consideration of the current oedometer parameters can be thought of as a minor limitation that can be helpful.

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