Although Bishop Otto had lost his bridge, the arbiters ordered Duke Henry to pay a third of his income to the Bishop in Freising as compensation. The gallery houses one of the world's most comprehensive Rubens collections. Oberbayern, Niederbayern, Oberpfalz (in German), Mnchen: C. H. Beck, p. 171, ISBN 978-3-406-55206-9. [73] Munich also became known on the political level due to the strong influence of Bavarian politician Franz Josef Strauss from the 1960s to the 1980s. Beer was essential in maintaining public health in Munich and in the mid 1840s Munich police estimated that at least 40,000 residents relied primarily on beer for their nutrition. It is also very affordable when it comes to the cost of living. The avenue crosses the Isar and circles the Friedensengel monument, then passing the Villa Stuck and Hitler's old apartment. Germany time zone and map with current time in the largest cities. The East-West Peace Church is hidden in a grove of trees in Munich's busy Olympic Park. At the centre of the city is the Marienplatz a large open square named after the Mariensule, a Marian column in its centre with the Old and the New Town Hall. The city's oldest park is the Hofgarten, near the Residenz, dating back to the 16th century. Its founding members include Gabriele Mnter.[58]. Between these are fields of fluvio-glacial out-wash, such as around Munich. Environmental pollution is low, although as of 2006[update] the city council is concerned about levels of particulate matter (PM), especially along the city's major thoroughfares. [43] In October 1810 a beer festival was held on the meadows just outside Munich to commemorate the wedding of the crown price and princess Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. Catholic Munich strongly resisted the Reformation and was a political point of divergence during the resulting Thirty Years' War, but remained physically untouched despite an occupation by the Protestant Swedes. In the 1920s, Munich became home to several political factions, among them the NSDAP. The nearby Schackgalerie is an important gallery of German 19th-century paintings. Mnchen und seine Befestigungen. The neo-Gothic Maximilianstrae starts at Max-Joseph-Platz, where the Residenz and the National Theatre are situated, and runs from west to east. killed three people identified as German citizens by the mayor of Eging, east of Munich. Another church of Johann Michael Fischer is St George in Bogenhausen. The country became the center of a standoff between the Soviet Union and Western powers. [52], The Prince Regent Luitpold's reign from 1886 till 1912 was marked by tremendous artistic and cultural activity in Munich. Wherever these deposits get thinner, the ground water can permeate the gravel surface and flood the area, leading to marshes as in the north of Munich. This means that from 1939 to 1997, both the total population and the population of West Germany have increased, while the population of East Germany has decreased. The Great Barrier The Wall itself was almost 13 feet high and went on for 28 miles. [118], April and May, Theresienwiese:[118] [118] According to the festival's website, Tollwood's goal is to promote culture and the environment, with the main themes of "tolerance, internationality, and openness". In Schwabing and Maxvorstadt, many beautiful streets with continuous rows of Grnderzeit buildings can be found. [153] In 2006, Munich blue-collar workers enjoyed an average hourly wage of 18.62 (ca. [25][26] The first known Christian church was built ca. It is dark amber in colour and has a heavy malty taste. [81][82] The proximity to the Alps brings higher volumes of rainfall and consequently greater susceptibility to flood problems. Eventually, he moved to Bavaria. The most prestigious line of the German train company Deutsche Bahn is the high-speed line Hamburg-Berlin, where hourly InterCityExpresses can go as fast as 300km/h. Peter Klimesch: Mnchner Isarinseln Geschichte, Gegenwart und Zukunft. [128], Since 2001, historically interesting places in Munich can be explored via the cultural history trails (KulturGeschichtsPfade). During 1972 Summer Olympics 11 Israeli athletes were murdered by Palestinian terrorists in the Munich massacre, when gunmen from the Palestinian "Black September" group took hostage members of the Israeli Olympic team. The transformation of the historic area into a pedestrian priority zone enables and invites walking and biking by making these active modes of transport comfortable, safe and enjoyable. Nightlife in Munich is located mostly in the boroughs Ludwigsvorstadt-Isarvorstadt, Maxvorstadt, Au-Haidhausen, Berg am Laim and Sendling. Until then, solar time was used. Deutsches Museum's Flugwerft Schleissheim flight exhibition centre is located nearby, on the Schleissheim Special Landing Field. often did in rural West Germany, the presence of DPs and the American mili- . The airport can be reached by suburban train lines from the city. Being at the centre of Europe, Munich is subject to many climatic influences, so that weather conditions there are more variable than in other European cities, especially those further west and south of the Alps. In 1175, Munich received city status and fortification. After World War I, the city was at the centre of substantial political unrest. Many of Valentin's works wouldn't be imaginable without his congenial female partner Liesl Karlstadt, who often played male characters to hilarious effect in their sketches. [46] By the 1850s beer had become essential staple food for Munich's working and lower classes. [77] Mass murders also occurred in Munich in 1980 and 2016. Nazi concentration and death camps in Eastern Europe. Helles has largely replaced Munich's dark beer, Dunkles, which gets its colour from roasted malt. [170], This article is about the city in Germany. [127] In the last 200 years the festival has grown to span 85 acres and now welcomes over 6million visitors every year. The Bavaria statue before the neo-classical Ruhmeshalle is a monumental, bronze sand-cast 19th-century statue at Theresienwiese. It is a Munich speciality. The Alte Pinakothek contains a treasure trove of the works of European masters between the 14th and 18th centuries. The Augsburg Arbitration mentions the name of the location in dispute as forum apud Munichen. Holger.Ellgaard. [116][135] Bars in the Schwabing district of this era include, among many others, Schwabinger 7 and Schwabinger Podium. The former Dachau concentration camp is 16km (10mi) outside the city. Regular annual road running events in Munich are the Munich Marathon in October, the Stadtlauf end of June, the company run B2Run in July, the New Year's Run on 31 December, the Spartan Race Sprint, the Olympia Alm Crosslauf and the Bestzeitenmarathon. Mar 3, 2023 - Rent from people in Munich, Germany from $20/night. Munich: Hornung, 1972. There are many smaller beer gardens and around twenty major ones, providing at least a thousand seats, with four of the largest in the Englischer Garten: Chinesischer Turm (Munich's second-largest beer garden with 7,000 seats), Seehaus, Hirschau and Aumeister. Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. Buy now. Why was East Germany smaller than West Germany? [citation needed]. Munich bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games, but lost to Pyeongchang. After World War II the Residenze, the Hofbruhaus, the Frauenkirche, and the Peterskirche were reconstructed to look exactly as they did before the Nazi Party seized power in 1933. Soldiers stationed in Munich were granted a daily allowance for beer in the early 1840s. [39], Duke William V further cemented the Wittelsbach rule by commissioning the Jesuit Michaelskirche. Daglfing-Denning-Englschalking-Johanneskirchen-Zamdorf. Munich lies on the elevated plains of Upper Bavaria, about 50km (31mi) north of the northern edge of the Alps, at an altitude of about 520m (1,706ft) ASL. Henry wanted to control the toll bridge and its income for himself, so he destroyed the bridge and customs house in 1156. [citation needed], From the Gothic to the Baroque era, the fine arts were represented in Munich by artists like Erasmus Grasser, Jan Polack, Johann Baptist Straub, Ignaz Gnther, Hans Krumpper, Ludwig von Schwanthaler, Cosmas Damian Asam, Egid Quirin Asam, Johann Baptist Zimmermann, Johann Michael Fischer and Franois de Cuvillis. Munich (/ m ju n k / MEW-nik; German: Mnchen [mnn] (); Bavarian: Minga [m()] ()) is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria.With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, and thus the largest which does not constitute its own state, as well as the 11th . Furthermore, Munich is the home of the headquarters of many other large companies such as the injection moulding machine manufacturer Krauss-Maffei, the camera and lighting manufacturer Arri, the semiconductor firm Infineon Technologies (headquartered in the suburban town of Neubiberg), lighting giant Osram, as well as the German or European headquarters of many foreign companies such as Microsoft. The northern part of this sandy plateau includes a highly fertile flint area which is no longer affected by the folding processes found in the Alps, while the southern part is covered with morainic hills. Ludwigvorstadt and Isarvorstadt. What cities were part of East Germany? Use the LMS video feature to record an oral presentation about the map that details the methods of transportation you would use to effect your escape. Trains. In 2015, the transport modal share in Munich was 38 percent public transport, 25 percent car, 23 percent walking, and 15 percent bicycle. [citation needed], The city is known as the second-largest publishing centre in the world (around 250 publishing houses have offices in the city), and many national and international publications are published in Munich, such as Arts in Munich, LAXMag and Prinz. [113] Half a kilometre down the river, there is a second, easier wave for beginners, the so-called Kleine Eisbachwelle. Only the two Munich universities and the Technical University of Karlsruhe (now part of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) have held this honour, and the implied greater chances of attracting research funds, since the first evaluation round in 2006. In 1807 the king abolished all ordinances that limited the number of apprentices and journeymen a brewery could employ. He strengthened the city's position by granting it the salt monopoly, thus assuring it of additional income. A taxi between Hauptbahnhof and Messe in 2022 has a fixed price of 39. The western portion of Maximilianstrae is known for its designer shops, luxury boutiques, jewellery stores, and one of Munich's foremost five-star hotels, the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten. The Peterskirche close to Marienplatz is the oldest church of the inner city. A stage for shows, big events and musicals is the Deutsche Theater. [28], Bishop Otto protested to his nephew, Emperor Frederick Barbarosa (d. 1190). Bavarianoun. But in 1972, the Olympics were held in Munich, West Germanyand the. Earlier this year, I wrote a cello concerto, Diary of a Madman, inspired by Gogol's famous short story about Poprishchin, a government clerk who gradually descends into insanity. Munich has a much stronger left-wing tradition than the rest of the state, which has been dominated by the conservative Christian Social Union in Bavaria (CSU) on a federal, state, and local level since the establishment of the Federal Republic in 1949. [citation needed], The period immediately before World War I saw continued economic and cultural prominence for the city. Having undergone several extensions, it contains also the treasury and the splendid rococo Cuvillis Theatre. Next door, the modern Residenz Theatre was erected in the building that had housed the Cuvillis Theatre before World War II. Schloss Frstenried (Frstenried Palace), a baroque palace of similar structure to Nymphenburg but of much smaller size, was erected around the same time in the south west of Munich. 16341984. The Baiuvarii had settled modern-day Bavaria (which is named after them), Austria, and South Tyrol by the 6th century AD, and are considered the ancestors of modern-day Bavarians and Austrians. Stuttgart is 30.62% less expensive than New York (without rent). [136][134][137] Transsexual icon Romy Haag had a club in the city centre for many years. Three victims of a deadly avalanche in southeastern British Columbia have been identified as German citizens. Government Bunker: It was built inside two railway tunnels between 1960 and 1972 and decommissioned in 1997, but its secret interior is now open to visitors. [84][85], In Munich, the general trend of global warming with a rise of medium yearly temperatures of about 1C in Germany over the last 120 years can be observed as well. [44], The Bavarian state proceeded to take control over the beer market, by regulating all taxes on beer in 1806 and 1811. The Lenbachhaus houses works by the group of Munich-based modernist artists known as Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider). [48] The first Munich railway station was built in 1839, with a line going to Augsburg in the west. He had dissolved all monasteries in 1802 and once crowned, Max Joseph I generated state revenues by selling off church lands. With the Munich Biennale founded by Hans Werner Henze, and the A*DEvantgarde festival, the city still contributes to modern music theatre. Nuremberg is a good place to live. Other attractions of the festival include a flea market on the festival's first Saturday, a Beer Queen contest, a vintage car show on the first Sunday, fireworks every Friday night, and a "Day of Traditions" on the final day. When Bavaria was reunited in 1506 after a brief war against the Duchy of Landshut, Munich became its capital. [117], March and April, city-wide:[118] Starkbierfest is held for three weeks during Lent, between Carnival and Easter,[119] celebrating Munich's strong beer. The Circus Krone based in Munich is one of the largest circuses in Europe. Buy-to-let apartment in Schneberg, 66 m. In 1157 Henry the Lion, duke of Bavaria, granted the monks the right to establish a market where the road from Salzburg met the Isar River. Especially in its suburbs, Munich features a wide and diverse array of modern architecture, although strict culturally sensitive height limitations for buildings have limited the construction of skyscrapers to avoid a loss of views to the distant Bavarian Alps. The fields are now part of the Theresienwiese and the celebrations developed into Munich's annual Oktoberfest. Munich's first film studio (Bavaria Film) was founded in 1919. [119] It became a public festival in 1751 and is now the second largest beer festival in Munich. Wolf-Armin Freiherr von Reitzenstein (2006), "Mnchen", Lexikon bayerischer Ortsnamen. Today, Germany is one of the United States' closest and strongest Allies in Europe. ICE highspeed trains stop at Munich-Pasing and Munich-Hauptbahnhof only. Berlin Central Station functions as hub of train transport in Eastern Germany. Leipzig. One of the main historical differences giving Bavaria its distinct identity was that while many German territories that joined the German Empire in 1871 were Protestant, Bavaria was one of the few major German powers to remain Catholic. The Bavaria Film Studios are located in the suburb of Grnwald. The fest includes comical speeches and a mini-musical in which numerous German politicians are parodied by look-alike actors. The area is also a hub for the LBGTQI+ community and has a number of gay bars. The oldest church within the city borders is Heilig Kreuz in Frttmaning next to the Allianz Arena, known for its Romanesque fresco. It would become the prototype for beer halls across Munich. Mercer HR Consulting consistently rates the city among the top 10 cities with the highest quality of life worldwide a 2011 survey ranked Munich as 4th. The city is also the location of the programming headquarters of Germany's largest public broadcasting network, ARD, while the largest commercial network, Pro7-Sat1 Media AG, is headquartered in the suburb of Unterfhring. The state parliament (the Landtag) and the new archdiocese of Munich and Freising were also located in the city. Berlin. ): Mnchen und seine Bauten. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is ten minutes, whilst 6% of passengers wait for over twenty minutes on average every day. The The Casualties Discover Munich in a relaxed and uncomplicated way: discounts for the diverse range of art, culture and leisure activities with our guest cards. According to Munich Statistical Office, in 2013 about 8.6% of Munich's population was Muslim.[95]. It was first built during the Romanesque period, and was the focus of the early monastic settlement in Munich before the city's official foundation in 1158. Dresden. Munich's population had swelled and Munich brewers were now free to employ as many workers as they needed to meet the demand. Its importance as a centre for both literature and the fine arts was second to none in Europe, with numerous German and non-German artists moving there. Several national and international authorities are located in Munich, including the Federal Finance Court of Germany, the German Patent Office and the European Patent Office. In addition, it is one of the most attractive business locations in Germany. [121] There are also roller coasters, fun houses, slides, and a Ferris wheel. Hannes Burger: 350 Jahre Paulaner-Salvator-Thomasbru AG. Its primary concert venue is the Herkulessaal in the former city royal residence, the Munich Residenz. In March 1916, three separate aircraft-engine and automobile companies joined to form 'Bayerische Motoren Werke' (BMW) in Munich.[59]. West Germany and East Germany were unified in 1990. who fled or were expelled from East-Central Europe in its wake (Flchtlinge or . He then built a new toll bridge, customs house and a coin market closer to his home somewhat upstream (at a settlement around the area of modern oldtown Munich: Marienplatz, Marienhof and the St. Peter's Church). The parades in regional dress (Tracht) represented the diversity of the kingdom. [155] Munich is also a centre for biotechnology, software and other service industries. [35], In 1349, the Black Death ravaged Munich and Bavaria.[36]. In Fasangarten is the former McGraw Kaserne, a former US army base, near Stadelheim Prison. As well as being home to great universities and colleges, the city has so much on offer for students. Nearby St. Peter the Gothic hall-church Heiliggeistkirche (The Church of the Holy Spirit) was converted to baroque style from 1724 onwards and looks down upon the Viktualienmarkt. Among German cities with more than 500,000 inhabitants, purchasing power is highest in Munich (26,648 per inhabitant) as of 2007[update]. [32][33] The old St. Peter's Church near Marienplatz is also believed to predate the founding date of the town.[34]. BERLIN (AP) German investigators said Friday that they seized weapons, including three hand grenades and a crossbow, from the home of a suspected anti-government extremist that was searched as part of a hate speech probe. Munich is the largest publishing city in Europe[157] and home to the Sddeutsche Zeitung, one of Germany's biggest daily newspapers. Halle. What parts of Germany were in East Germany? Great room in top location with green view . [60], In 1923, Adolf Hitler and his supporters, who were concentrated in Munich, staged the Beer Hall Putsch, an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic and seize power. The origin of the modern city of Munich is the result of a power struggle between a military warlord and an influential Catholic bishop. [144][145], Some notable nightclubs are: popular techno clubs are Blitz Club, Harry Klein, Rote Sonne, Bahnwrter Thiel, Pimpernel, Charlie, Palais and Pathos. The average amount of time people spend commuting to and from work with public transit in Munich on a weekday is 56 min. BR. The headquarters of the German branch of Random House, the world's largest publishing house, and of Burda publishing group are also in Munich. [122] The Auer Dult is a traditional market with 300 stalls selling handmade crafts, household goods, and local foods, and offers carnival rides for children. Its origins go back to the 17th/18th century, but has become popular when the festivities were first televised in the 1980s. Bavaria's main cities are Munich (its capital and largest city and also the third largest city in Germany), Nuremberg, and Augsburg. 2. [63] The Haus der Kunst (House of German Art) was the first building to be commissioned by Hitler. Hermann-Weinhauser-Strasse 71, 81673 Munich, Bavaria Germany Name/address in local language Munich Airport 17 mi See all flights Josephsburg Munich U-Bahn 10 min Kreillerstrae Munich U-Bahn 18 min Rental Cars See rental cars from $47/day 84 Potasia 2.0 48 Ristorantino Pastello min 202 min Nearby attractions St Michael in Berg am Laim 4 min [146][147] Popular mixed music clubs are Call me Drella, Wannda Circus, Tonhalle, Backstage, Muffathalle, Ampere, Pacha, P1, Zenith, Minna Thiel and the party ship Alte Utting. Munich (/mjunk/ MEW-nik; German: Mnchen [mnn] (listen); Bavarian: Minga [m()] (listen)) is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria. The area occupied by former East Germany has a much smaller population than the former West (about 16 million people, compared with about 67 million), but its productivity is lower even when. Franz Josef Strauss International Airport (IATA: MUC, ICAO: EDDM) is the second-largest airport in Germany and seventh-largest in Europe after London Heathrow, Paris Charles de Gaulle, Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Madrid and Istanbul Atatrk. In 1180, after Henry the Lion's fall from grace with Emperor Frederick Barbarosa, including his trial and exile, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria, and Munich was handed to the Bishop of Freising. We round up some top events happening around the world in April", "Munich Tollwood Winter Festival: until December 31", "Tollwood Mnchen: Veranstaltungen, Konzerte, Theater, Markt", "Oktoberfest Facts, Trivia and Stats for 2018", "Grndungsmythos der Schffler: So wahr wie die offiziellen Abgaswerte der Autoindustrie", "MICHELIN Guide, Germany, Munich Restaurants", "Circus Krone: Europe's largest traditional circus", "11 verrckte Clubs in Mnchen, die Geschichte schrieben", "Mnchen ist "New Yorks groe Discoschwester", "Corpus Techno: The music of the future will soon be history", "Club Legenden #4: Raves und Nirvanas letztes Konzert am Flughafen Riem", "Clubstudie 2021: Initiative Musik legt Einzelauswertungen der Bundeslnder vor", "Clubstudie 2021: Einzelauswertungen der Bundeslnder", "Die besten Clubs & Techno Partys in Mnchen heute", "Management Studium Private Hochschule ISM Intern. Winter tends to have less precipitation, the least in February. Wherever you go, Romanesque, Gothic and baroque classics rub rafters with architectural creations from modern masters. [23] A Roman settlement north-east of downtown Munich was excavated in the neighborhood of Denning/Bogenhausen. It has taken place over nine days each, three times a year. ISBN 0-224-07121-1. Brewers and the beer taverns (Wirtshuser) were taxed, and the state also controlled the quality of beer while limiting the competition among breweries. At least 58 people have died and dozens more are missing in Germany after much of western Europe was inundated by record rainfall that brought . Munich is the richest city according to the study, with an annual household disposable income of 29,685. Among the baroque and neoclassical mansions which still exist in Munich are the Palais Porcia, the Palais Preysing, the Palais Holnstein and the Prinz-Carl-Palais. When did Germany split into East and West? In 1971, the Filmverlag der Autoren was founded, cementing the city's role in the movement's history. It has one of the strongest economies of any German city and the lowest unemployment rate of all cities in Germany with more than 1 million inhabitants. In today's war, the invading army marches from the East, and more than a million Ukrainian refugees head West - to Germany in a mirror retrograde of history. It culminated in the construction of the Berlin Wall in August 1961. functions and expanded the physical presence of control mechanisms. [15] Munich's numerous architectural and cultural attractions, sports events, exhibitions and its annual Oktoberfest, the world's largest Volksfest, attract considerable tourism.[16]. [162] Munich is the hub of a well-developed regional transportation system, including the second-largest airport in Germany and the BerlinMunich high-speed railway, which connects Munich to the German capital city with a journey time of about 4 hours. The German news agency Deutsche Presse-Agentur says the mayor of the municipality of Eging, east of Munich, has confirmed the three men were from Germany and two were residents of his small Bavarian town. The city's zoo is the Tierpark Hellabrunn near the Flaucher Island in the Isar in the south of the city. The breakdown by cities proper (not metropolitan areas) of Global 500 cities listed Munich in 8th position in 2009. Bath, UK: Parragon Publishing. 200,000 liters of milk. [29][30][31], 14 June 1158, is considered the official 'founding day' of the city of Munich, not the date when it was first settled. Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Duke of Bavaria (d. 1195) was one of the most powerful German princes of his time. The following institutes are located in the Munich area: Munich has the strongest economy of any German city according to a study[150] and the lowest unemployment rate (5.4% in July 2020) of any German city of more than a million people (the others being Berlin, Hamburg and Cologne). Munich (Mnchen), the capital of the German state of Bavaria, may be best-known for its annual beer extravaganza Oktoberfest, but the city is a great place to visit any time of year: whether you're into beer, BMW, or modern art, Munich has it all. Late-July to mid-August, city-wide: Mini-Munich provides kids ages 715 with the opportunity to participate in a Spielstadt, the German term for a miniature city composed almost entirely of children. Munich also has an extensive network of bus lines. While the state of North Rhine-Westphalia is Germany's richest state by Gross . Beyond the already mentioned venues of the 1960s and 1970s, nightclubs with international recognition in recent history included Tanzlokal Grenwahn, Atomic Cafe and the techno clubs Babalu Club, Ultraschall, KW Das Heizkraftwerk, Natraj Temple, MMA Club (Mixed Munich Arts), Die Registratur and Bob Beaman. It covered the area of the present-day German states of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Brandenburg, Berlin (excluding West Berlin), Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt, and Thringen. After the end of postwar American occupation in 1949, there was a great increase in population and economic power during the years of Wirtschaftswunder, or "economic miracle". Bufe Fachbuchverlag, Egglham 1997, ISBN 3-922138-61-6. Here are the average temperatures. Greenpeace misst Feinstaub und Dieselru in Mnchen", "Munich Transport Corporation (MVG) Sustainability Report 2014/2015", "Munich Public Transportation Statistics", Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, "Flughafen Oberpfaffenhofen: Rolle rckwrts Bayern Aktuelles merkur-online", "Flughafen Oberpfaffenhofen Business-Jets willkommen Mnchen", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Munich&oldid=1142743298. It's because only half of the Russian Occupation Zone became East Germany. By the way, we also walked through Munich from north to south - always towards the sun from BMW Welt to Hinterbrhl. The area immediately south of the centre. It was one of the host cities for the 2006 Football World Cup, which was not held in Munich's Olympic Stadium, but in a new football specific stadium, the Allianz Arena. In the East, 74 percent of women work, compared with 68 percent in the West. The Grnwald castle is the only medieval castle in the Munich area which still exists. The Alps affect the city's climate in other ways too; for example, the warm downhill wind from the Alps (fhn wind), which can raise temperatures sharply within a few hours even in the winter. [116][139][140], Munich nightlife tends to change dramatically and quickly. Until 1989, this country was commonly viewed as . Klaus Schwarz: Atlas der sptkeltischen Viereckschanzen Bayerns Plne und Karten. [37] Albrecht V appointed the composer Orlando di Lasso as director of the court orchestra and tempted numerous Italian musicians to work at the Munich court, establishing Munich as a hub for late Renaissance music. He ruled over vast territories in the German Holy Roman Empire from the North and Baltic Sea to the Alps.